Mpox in Reunion Island: discovery of a first imported case from Madagascar

Mis à jour le 21 May 2026

Mpox Virus Spreads in Réunion: First Imported Case from Madagascar Raises Public Health Concerns

For the past few weeks, the detection of the first case of Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) on the island of Réunion has marked a turning point in the epidemiological management of this infectious disease in the West. Originating directly from Madagascar, where the epidemic was declared at the end of December 2025, this infection starkly reveals the growing vulnerability of surveillance systems to the cross-border spread of the virus. The presence of this pathogen, carried by an individual returning from Madagascar, raises a major issue: the need for increased vigilance, collective mobilization, and rapid adaptation of health strategies to this emerging threat, in a context where the epidemic is spreading centrifugally.

While Madagascar currently has around fifteen confirmed cases and nearly 300 suspected cases, the Mpox virus continues to raise fears of a wider regional spread, fueled by international travel. The confirmation of this first case on Réunion Island, following an already concerning situation in Mayotte and the Comoros, illustrates a precarious situation where each stage of local transmission could potentially transform a health crisis into a broader emergency. A coordinated response from health authorities, transparent communication, and targeted vaccination now form the foundation for preventing a large-scale public health crisis. Active surveillance must therefore be strengthened, particularly in tourist areas, places of gathering, and among at-risk populations.

Understanding the threat: characteristics, transmission, and symptoms of Mpox in the face of a rising epidemic

Mpox, a disease caused by a virus belonging to the orthopoxvirus family—related to smallpox—is experiencing a global resurgence. The disease manifests after an incubation period of 5 to 21 days, during which the patient shows no apparent signs. The first symptoms quickly become evident: fever, headache, body aches, swollen lymph nodes, and especially a progressive skin rash affecting various areas such as the face, the anogenital region, or the palms of the hands. These manifestations, although characteristic, can be confused with other viral diseases, hence the importance of constant scientific vigilance. The virus is transmitted primarily through direct contact with lesions or mucous membranes, or indirectly through contaminated surfaces. Prolonged proximity, particularly during intimate contact or within households, promotes its spread, while transmission via droplets is marginal, requiring prolonged face-to-face contact. Implementing rigorous hygiene measures is therefore essential to limit contamination, whether at home, in healthcare facilities, or during interpersonal interactions. Rapid detection and immediate response from health authorities are undeniable assets for containing the spread of the virus, especially given that mobility and tourism play a key role in its transmission, as observed during the recent arrival of Mpox in Réunion.

Health measures to adopt in response to the emergence of Mpox in Réunion: prevention and precautions

Health authorities are emphasizing not only individual vigilance but also the need for collective action to curb the spread of Mpox. The University Hospital of Reunion Island, in collaboration with the Regional Health Agency (ARS), quickly implemented a reinforced monitoring protocol, including surveillance of suspected cases and precise contact tracing. The public must be made aware through clear communication highlighting the importance of reducing contact with anyone exhibiting suggestive symptoms.

It is strongly recommended that anyone returning from Madagascar or other at-risk areas self-isolate as soon as any clinical signs appear and avoid close contact, especially with vulnerable individuals. Wearing a mask, covering lesions, and regularly disinfecting surfaces are essential preventative measures to be observed in all environments. For any suspected case, it is advisable to contact your doctor or the emergency room, rather than going directly to clinics or reception areas to avoid indirect transmission. Prevention also relies on vaccination, which is a valuable tool for limiting transmission, especially among high-risk groups.

How to protect yourself effectively: vaccines, surveillance, and targeted actions against the spread of Mpox

Free Mpox vaccination is an essential weapon in the fight against the ongoing epidemic in 2026. It should be administered primarily to people at risk of exposure, particularly professionals working in sexually active establishments or people with multiple partners. The strategy also aims to cover those who, in preparation for travel to areas where the disease is circulating, wish to strengthen their protection. To optimize the effectiveness of this prophylaxis, it is crucial to respect the 4-day window following exposure to receive the vaccine, and up to a maximum of 14 days. The list of pharmacies authorized to administer vaccines has been expanded, now including around forty pharmacies with effective and accessible vaccination facilities throughout the country. Public awareness campaigns must continue, with information disseminated via the official website dedicated to questions about the MPOx vaccination.

Epidemiological surveillance, through the systematic collection of cases and rapid reporting of data, allows the authorities to closely monitor the evolution of this health crisis and adapt the response in real time.

The Challenges of Local and International Mobilization in the Face of the Spread of the Mpox Virus in Madagascar and the Rest of the Region Faced with the declared epidemic in Madagascar, which to date has 133 confirmed casesand nearly

273 suspected cases , the international community is confronted with a major challenge: how to prevent the virus from becoming endemic in the Indian Ocean? The strategy relies on coordination between the health systems of neighboring countries, increased humanitarian aid, and an information campaign to limit the spread of the virus. The situation remains fragile, as several surrounding islands have already reported imported cases. The establishment of a genuine

⚠️ Individual prevention

Respecting barrier gestures, self-isolation in case of symptoms

Limiting the risk of contamination within the community

The logistical and social challenges of containing Mpox in Réunion: between insularity and citizen mobilization

Containing Mpox on an island like Réunion represents a considerable logistical challenge. Insularity complicates the entry or exit of the virus, but also prolongs the difficulty of managing human flows. The availability of vaccines, their efficient distribution, as well as raising awareness among the local population are essential levers in the fight against contamination. Authorities must also contend with sometimes lukewarm public engagement. Misinformation, a lack of awareness of symptoms, and fear of vaccination can hinder the effectiveness of preventive measures. This is why communication must remain targeted, educational, and transparent, particularly through local media, and by involving stakeholders from the non-profit and community sectors. Social mobilization must also foster a climate of collective responsibility, essential to any crisis management strategy.

Lessons learned from Madagascar to avoid a major crisis in Réunion

Discover everything about MPOX: symptoms, transmission, prevention, and treatment. Get informed to better protect your health.

Frequently Asked Questions about Mpox in Réunion: What You Need to Know

Can Mpox be transmitted through the air?

The main transmission of Mpox occurs through direct contact with lesions or contaminated surfaces. Transmission via droplets is marginal, requiring prolonged face-to-face contact.

Which groups are most at risk from Mpox?

People who have multiple sexual partners, sex workers, travelers from at-risk areas, and members of their close circle should be particularly vigilant and receive prophylactic vaccination.

How can you recognize the symptoms of Mpox?

The telltale signs include a high fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash with spots that develop into scabs. Medical attention should be sought promptly if these symptoms are present.